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z\u00e1kladn\u00edch finan\u010dn\u00edch pojm\u016f je hlavn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem nabyt\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed gramotnosti<\/a>. Jak je v\u0161ak vysv\u011btlit mal\u00fdm d\u011btem, kter\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nech\u00e1pou b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 souvislosti finan\u010dn\u00edho trhu? Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed pojmy jim ur\u010dit\u011b nevysv\u011btlujte formou pou\u010dek a nau\u010den\u00fdch fr\u00e1z\u00ed. Nam\u00edsto toho vsa\u010fte na hravou formu a zapojte zejm\u00e9na oby\u010dejn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady ze \u017eivota. Ty si d\u011bti dok\u00e1\u017eou jednodu\u0161e p\u0159edstavit a mnohem rychleji tak pochop\u00ed, co se jim vlastn\u011b sna\u017e\u00edte sd\u011blit.\r\n\r\nToto jsou z\u00e1kladn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed pojmy, kter\u00e9 byste d\u011btem m\u011bli vysv\u011btlovat u\u017e odmali\u010dka.\r\n

Pen\u00edze<\/h3>\r\nPen\u00edze jsou jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch pojm\u016f finan\u010dn\u00ed gramotnosti<\/a> a m\u011blo by ho zn\u00e1t ka\u017ed\u00e9 jedno d\u00edt\u011b. Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby si d\u011bti uv\u011bdomovaly, \u017ee jde o prost\u0159edek, za kter\u00fd si mohou nakupovat nejen v\u00fdrobky a slu\u017eby, ale \u017ee si jejich prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mohou plnit mal\u00e9 i velk\u00e9 sny. A\u0165 je to perfektn\u00ed v\u00fdlet, vytou\u017een\u00e1 hra\u010dka nebo n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho v dob\u011b, kdy u\u017e budou dosp\u011bl\u00ed. \u00dakolem rodi\u010d\u016f je vysv\u011btlit d\u011btem, \u017ee pen\u00edze nejsou neomezen\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem, nerostou na stromech nebo pr\u0161\u00ed z nebe, z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed se prac\u00ed. Tisknou se v tisk\u00e1rn\u011b nebo raz\u00ed v mincovn\u011b a na to, aby je \u010dlov\u011bk dostal k sob\u011b do pen\u011b\u017eenky nebo na bankomatovou kartu, pot\u0159ebuje je vyd\u011blat.\r\n

P\u0159\u00edjmy<\/h3>\r\nP\u0159\u00edjmy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed n\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdd\u011blek, tedy to, co z\u00edsk\u00e1me svou vlastn\u00ed prac\u00ed. Pr\u00e1ce p\u0159itom m\u016f\u017ee zahrnovat v\u00fdrobu zbo\u017e\u00ed (pe\u010den\u00ed kol\u00e1\u010d\u016f, p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed kv\u011btin, st\u0159\u00edk\u00e1n\u00ed pono\u017eek) nebo poskytov\u00e1n\u00ed slu\u017eeb (st\u0159\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed vlas\u016f, prod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v obchod\u011b, opravov\u00e1n\u00ed aut). Vyd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je to, jak lid\u00e9 kolem va\u0161ich d\u011bt\u00ed dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u0159\u00edjem. Ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk d\u011bl\u00e1 n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho, to jak lid\u00e9 vyd\u011bl\u00e1vaj\u00ed pen\u00edze je opravdu rozd\u00edln\u00e9. N\u011bkdo dost\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edjem t\u00edm, \u017ee je zam\u011bstnanec (pan\u00ed prodava\u010dka v potravin\u00e1ch). Jin\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt podnikatel (pan, kter\u00fd ty potraviny vlastn\u00ed) nebo m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pasivn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem (koup\u011b bytu a jeho pronaj\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed jin\u00fdm lidem).\r\n

V\u00fddaje<\/h3>\r\nV\u00fddaje jsou v\u0161\u00edm t\u00edm, co plat\u00edme z pen\u011bz, kter\u00e9 jsme vyd\u011blali nebo obdr\u017eeli jako kapesn\u00ed<\/a> nebo sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed. Rozd\u011blit je m\u016f\u017eeme na povinn\u00e9 v\u00fddaje, kter\u00e9 mus\u00edme zaplatit, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fddaje na j\u00eddlo, bydlen\u00ed, benz\u00edn, pojistky apod., a na dobrovoln\u00e9 v\u00fddaje, pro kter\u00e9 se rozhodujeme sami. Sem pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad. v\u00fddaje na sladkosti, v\u00fdlety, hra\u010dky a pod.\r\n

Rozpo\u010det<\/h3>\r\nPojmem rozpo\u010det m\u016f\u017eeme ozna\u010dit seznam na\u0161ich m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edch v\u00fddaj\u016f a p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f, kter\u00fd n\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 udr\u017eovat finance pod kontrolou. D\u00edky rozpo\u010dtu si dok\u00e1\u017eeme vypo\u010d\u00edtat, kolik pen\u011bz z na\u0161eho p\u0159\u00edjmu si mus\u00edme m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u011b vy\u010dlenit na povinn\u00e9 v\u00fddaje, kolik si m\u016f\u017eeme odd\u011blit na dobrovoln\u00e9 v\u00fddaje a hlavn\u011b kolik si m\u016f\u017eeme spo\u0159it<\/a> na sv\u00e9 dlouhodob\u00e9 sny.\r\n

Banka<\/h3>\r\nBanka je m\u00edsto, kde si otev\u00edr\u00e1me sv\u00e9 bankovn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dty. Na bankovn\u00ed \u00fa\u010det jsou n\u00e1m vypl\u00e1ceny p\u0159\u00edjmy a krom\u011b toho z n\u011bj plat\u00edme i sv\u00e9 v\u00fddaje. K bankovn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010dtu banka vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 i bankomatovou kartu. Na n\u00ed jsou ulo\u017eeny bezhotovostn\u00ed pen\u00edze, kter\u00fdmi lze platit nap\u0159\u00edklad v potravin\u00e1ch. Pen\u00edze z bankovn\u00edho \u00fa\u010dtu si v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017eeme tak\u00e9 vybrat prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm bankomatu a v hotovostn\u00ed form\u011b si je odlo\u017eit p\u0159\u00edmo do sv\u00e9 pen\u011b\u017eenky.\r\n

\u00daroky<\/h3>\r\n\u00darok si d\u011bti nejsn\u00e1ze p\u0159edstav\u00ed jako pen\u00edze nav\u00edc. Pokud si spo\u0159\u00edme, dostaneme je, pokud v\u0161ak m\u00e1me pen\u00edze p\u016fj\u010den\u00e9, tehdy je naopak zaplat\u00edme. \u00darok je tedy plusov\u00fd, pokud si spo\u0159\u00edme, a minusov\u00fd, m\u00e1me-li pen\u00edze p\u016fj\u010den\u00e9 a spl\u00e1c\u00edme je tomu, kdo n\u00e1m je p\u016fj\u010dil.\r\n

Spo\u0159en\u00ed<\/h3>\r\nSpo\u0159en\u00ed znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee v\u0161echny vyd\u011blan\u00e9 pen\u00edze nemineme hned na koupi zbo\u017e\u00ed \u010di slu\u017eeb, ale \u010d\u00e1st z nich si odlo\u017e\u00edme. Dosp\u011bl\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed spo\u0159en\u00ed k tomu, aby si ud\u011blali takzvanou \u017eeleznou rezervu. Tato suma pen\u011bz slou\u017e\u00ed k tomu, abychom m\u011bli odlo\u017een\u00e9 pen\u00edze na neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, pokud se porouch\u00e1 auto a pot\u0159ebujeme zaplatit automechanikovi za jeho opravu. Po vytvo\u0159en\u00ed \u017eelezn\u00e9 rezervy, si m\u016f\u017eeme spo\u0159it<\/a> i na n\u011bco v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho, ke spln\u011bn\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho c\u00edle, snu \u010di touhy. Spo\u0159en\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt na kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 nebo dlouh\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed.\r\n

\u00dav\u011br<\/h3>\r\n\u00dav\u011br jsou do\u010dasn\u011b p\u016fj\u010den\u00e9 pen\u00edze od banky nebo jin\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed instituce. Jde o z\u00e1vazek, kter\u00fd je t\u0159eba pravideln\u011b spl\u00e1cet, a tomu, kdo n\u00e1m pen\u00edze p\u016fj\u010dil, vr\u00e1tit p\u016fj\u010denou \u010d\u00e1stku i se zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm minusov\u00fdm \u00farokem. \u00dav\u011br je t\u0159eba v\u017edy spl\u00e1cet p\u0159esn\u011b podle dohody, jinak se m\u016f\u017eeme dostat do velk\u00fdch finan\u010dn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f. Je t\u0159eba si proto v\u017edy p\u0159edem velmi dob\u0159e promyslet, zda \u00fav\u011br opravdu pot\u0159ebujeme, a zejm\u00e9na, zda jej budeme schopni spl\u00e1cet po celou dobu tak, jak jsme se dohodli.\r\n\r\nAby d\u011bti dok\u00e1zaly spr\u00e1vn\u011b hospoda\u0159it, pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed m\u00edt jasno v z\u00e1kladn\u00edch finan\u010dn\u00edch pojmech. Jak je v\u0161ak srozumiteln\u011b vysv\u011btlit n\u011bkomu, kdo nech\u00e1pe ani z\u00e1kladn\u00ed souvislosti finan\u010dn\u00edho trhu? P\u0159esn\u011b s t\u00edmto c\u00edlem vznikl i projekt Bystr\u00e9 D\u00edt\u011b<\/em><\/a>. 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